Compare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night - 1162 Words

From Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common points demonstrate that, however differing their genres are, Shakespeare’s plays essentially illustrate what it is to be human. That is because body imagery, critique of mainstream thought and social integration could serve as a basis for their†¦show more content†¦Using these two methods, Shakespeare keeps his portrayals of the extremes of human emotion balanced. Equally important, both Hamlet and Twelfth Night present some critique of upheld tradition in two distinct ways: Hamlet positions itself against it and Twelfth Night’s premise demands it. Critique of the status quo is at the core of the Twelfth Night. It is said that Queen Elizabeth I’s controversial reign at the time informed the play’s content. She, in fact, used to like to invite theater companies to her palaces against public opinion (SparkNotes Editors) and saw a performance of the play in question (SparkNotes Editors). In her medieval England, people met the idea of a female monarch with hostility (Castor), because there had never been one until her ascent to the throne. Ergo, the challenge to tradition that was Queen Elizabeth I’s reign most likely to lead the discussion of gender roles in Twelfth Night. In Hamlet, there is no analytic thinking on the traditional themes prevailing in the play. Much of Hamlet revolves around the idea that the disorder of universe leads to generally grave disrepair. This is according to The Great Chain of Being, which was an explicit and distinct hierarchy of life within the Elizabethan universe from Shakespeare’s time (TES). It dictated that, of all the creatures under the Moon, Man was at the very top. A clear sign of fear of this hierarchy isShow MoreRelatedWomen in William Shakespeare’s Plays Essay2376 Words   |  10 PagesElizabethan belief was that women lacked character, particularly in the case of love.   Some considered â€Å"women’s love [was] very variable and not lasting† (Bates 13).   Shakespeare alludes to this belief in Twelfth Night when â€Å"Viola also laments that Olivia cold fall in love with Cesario so easily; she compares women’s hearts to sealing wax in an apt metaphor, and notes how the ‘proper false’ leaves a lasting impression in their hearts† (Bates 11).   Orsino, as the frustrated suitor laments â€Å"that women areRead More Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible4838 Words   |  20 Pagesovercome by tragic fate. His star-crossed lovers are so madly in love with each other that they cannot live without being together. (RJ Prologue, 6) By contrast, in Twelfth Night the characters are so fickle that they switch love interests in the span of a few lines. By comparing the true love of Romeo and Juliet with the shallow love of Twelfth Night, it becomes clear that Shakespeare agrees with the Biblical assessment of love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is necessary, of course, to begin by explaining whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnets : The Greatest Of All Love Poems1465 Words   |  6 Pages these works have remained a popular subject in the world of literature for centuries to come. â€Å"Shakespeare has completely dominated the English-speaking state over the last four hundred years.† When thinking of Shakespeare, his famous plays such Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are usually the first to come to mind. However, very few people realize he was also one of the most significant writers of all time. â€Å"He [Shakespeare] was the most admired writer in the country by the time he was thirty and theRead MoreTypes Of Poetry : A Poem Which Deals With Religious Themes, Love, Tragedy, Domestic Crimes, Essay2495 Words   |  10 Pageshundred and ninety-nine, with elephants dancing and clowns cart wheeling and tigers leaping through rings of fire. The time had come to step back, leave the main tent, go buy some popcorn and a Coke, bliss out, cool down.† (Dean Koontz, Seize the Night. Bantam, 1999) 19. Metonymy: Substituting the name of something for its attribute or whatever it is associated with. Example- When we use the name â€Å"Washington D.C† we are talking about the U.S’ political hot seat by referring to the political capital

Walking a Difficult Line Taking a Look at Borderline...

Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) live a difficult existence. These are people for whom maintaining normal interpersonal relationships, controlling anger, suffer from extreme self-doubt and drastic mood swings, among other symptoms. They comprise only 2% of the population, but have a disorder which the psychiatric and scientific communities have trouble acknowledging, and great difficulty treating. (4) Individuals suffering from BPD suffer a range of symptoms which include the following: dramatic mood changes, depression, irritability, uncontrollable anger, negative impulsiveness (which includes reckless sex, substance abuse, binging),†¦show more content†¦This is due to the fact that the nature of this psychological disorder affects the patient’s interpersonal skills, which is the basis of therapeutic treatment. Psychiatrists and psychologists find it near impossible to work with patients suffering from BPD because they have little ability to maintain a stable working relationship with anyone (and certainly not a therapist) and their intense mood swings and anger control issues, among other characteristics, are ...likely to lead to clinician burnout.... (3) This is an obvious frustration for any family member or friend of a BPD individual, who wants nothing more than to have their loved seek out and be successful at getting help to treat their disorder. The is also evidence that medication diagnosed for specific symptoms of the individual with BPD can help, however, the administering and monitoring of psychotropic drugs is usually done in conjunction with some form of psychotherapy, which remains the problem site of treatment. (6)(3) Because of the difficulties in treating BPD patients, there are very few psychotherapists and psychologists who will work with them. Also, there is still relatively little known about this disorder and little research has been conducted in comparison with other severe mental disorders. (3) There has been one breakthrough in treatment, however, by Dr. Marsha Linehan, a Professor of Psychology at the University of Washington. HerShow MoreRelatedCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 PagesPART ONE Medical-Surgical Cases 1 1 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Disorders Case Study 1 Heart Failure Difficulty: Beginning Setting: Emergency department, hospital Index Words: heart failure (HF), cardiomyopathy, volume overload, quality of life X Scenario M.G., a â€Å"frequent flier,† is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF). She was discharged from the hospital 10 days ago and comes in today stating, â€Å"I just had to come to the hospital today because IRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesIssues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSISRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagessections Homeostasis – homeo – unchanging, and stasis – standing. Refers to the existence of a stable internal environment Negative feedback – method of homeostatic regulation the opposes stimuli Peritoneum – serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity Physiology – the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. Positive feedback – method of homeostatic regulation that reinforces stimuli to drive a potentially dangerous situation to completion SagittalRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesconducted at a large university, 90% of science and technology respondents felt more objective measures—test scores and grades—were most important Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Page 1 and used the statement of purpose for borderline decisions. However, of liberal arts faculty who responded, approximately half valued the essays as much as other parts of the application package. ï‚ · Determine the importance of the mentor system. The importance of the statement of purpose increasesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesyou all have a bad case of Giardia might even be life threatening. Emilio agrees to go along with the majority decision, too. He wants to stay, but not by himself. Still, he isnt convinced by Juanitas reasons. Look, he says, if the stream were poisonous, everything in it would look dead. There are water spiders and plants living in the stream. Its no death trap. At this point you are faced with one of lifes little decisions: What do you do about the water situation? Go or stay? SomeoneRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesLeader Expects of You Larry Bossidy A longtime CEO reveals the behaviors that leaders should look for in their subordinates – behaviors that drive individual as well as corporate performance and growth – and what those subordinates should expect in return. 58 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook It may be hidden right under your nose. Here’s how to evaluate your current core and where to look for a new one. 78 Promise-Based Management: The Essence of Execution Donald N. SullRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesphotography? These issues, we know, have been raised frequently enough with respect to cinema (indeed, they constitute one of the classic topics of filmology and of the theory of film), but to a much lesser extent with respect to still photography. 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What Do Ethics/Morality in Business Mean Free Essays

What do ethics/morality in business mean? Difference between success and failure! The most important attribute that distinguishes business long-term success, are the practices of admirable business ethics/morality, which are then interpreted as the integrity of the company. So in essence, ethics/morality in business is the behavioral aspect that dictates all dealings within their world.In the business world most ownership or management groups, describe this function in three ways, avoiding breaking the law, avoiding actions that will result in law suits and negative publicity that reflects negatively on the image of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do Ethics/Morality in Business Mean or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason these are of the utmost concern is that they involve the loss of profits and reputation. Unfortunately, the moral and ethical way companies do business varies drastically; it is inherent to their perception of what is ethically right or is ethically wrong.In a research study by IBE (The Institute of Business Ethics), the findings where clear that companies displaying a clear commitment to moral conduct distinguished and dominated the companies displaying a demeanor of poor ethical conduct. The study has demonstrated that it was profitable to be ethical, by inspection of the financial returns of the companies that participated in the research study. Being trustworthy, meeting obligations, maintaining accounting controls and being respectful did equate into long-term success with economic and profitable growth. Instilling this inherent unambiguous style of doing business will be extremely evident to all you do business with, including your competition. Bribery is a form of corruption, that implies the giving of money or gift that alters the behavior of the recipient (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law), it is difficult to define what a bribe is in business; if you bring a client to dinner for a business meeting, for example, trying to secure a signature on a contract to build their house, is that a bribe or an unethical business practice?Let’s say under the same circumstances you are trying to secure goods from a supplier at a reduced unit price, is this a bribe or unethical business practice or is it exceptional marketing tactics? Let’s look at the scenario put before us within our assignment, is it ethical for executives to accept bribes as an inducement to buy a companies products; we would have to determine what the alleged bribes where, was it a dinner or maybe a night out on the town with the tab being picked up by the company trying to sell their goods to the executives company, was it a onetary amount and how was the incident facilitated. Another scenario, you give a campaign donation to a political candidate, for their consideration and vote if elected for a Bill that you support, is that a bribe, it happens all the time in the political arena of our government, with the parties not being indicted or accused of any crimes. There are many factors to take into consideration when deliberating this topic that we do not have the answers to nor are they at our disposal within our assignment.On the other hand, if there are clear specifics within the company’s bylaws or contractual agreements with their employees that describe how the company defines bribes and actions to be taken, this would define their morality and legal stand and the appropriateness in the firing of the executives. Ethics and social responsibility are important in any business because reputation is everything, and these ethical attributes start at the top, then are instilled and enforced by company policy to all in the organization.Unethical procedures within a company will eventually cause mistrust, but that’s not all, remember people talk and words of the mouth are a powerful vehicle in undermining or even destroying any company. We all have witnessed the downfall of businesses, remember ‘Enron’ an energy company based in Houston, Texas, where share holders lost $11 billion dollars and over 4000 employees lost their jobs, due to use of accounting loopholes, poor financial reporting and special-purpose entities that would potentially isolate the firm from financial risk that where all facilitated by corporate greed and unethical practices! Wikipedia, The free Encyclopedia, Nov. 2001) It is important to keep in mind that business failure is a direct reflection of a lack of business ethics, and the true understanding of right and wrong and implementation of the correct morals and ethics create long-term business and economic success. Customer relationship is omnipotent in achieving long-term business success; it is essential that the business is founded on principals that are based on sound ethical practice. This will create an atmosphere of trust insuring existing customer return and enhancing the migration of new relationships and customers to your firm.Success attained without a foundation of strong ethics will ultimately be short-lived, however there are some exceptions to this but they must be considered as highly unlikely. How to cite What Do Ethics/Morality in Business Mean, Papers

The Gamestop Corporation Pestle Analysis - Complete Solution

Question: Describe about the Pestle Analysis of the Gamestop Corporation? Answer: Executive Summary In this research, the researcher has extracted various frameworks that make a contextual analysis on GameStop Corporation. The ideas will frame an everlasting network that will progress various concepts in making a global territory on GameStop Corporation. Here, the researcher will vary major goals that would access marketing objectives on Game stores hub. The researcher has also varied with PESTEL analysis in making a clear idea through political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors that would access the marketing objectives clearly. Hence, the concept would be determined in making the objective evident to increase trade value through a network topology on relative gaming sections. Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Introduction Gaming in todays world is just a beginning where the virtual image is seen to be real. In this research, the researcher has taken GameStop-Power to Players to relate its objectives and backgrounds through PESTEL analysis. The researcher has taken unique ideas to relate the research of GameStop to a new platform (Botzakis, 2011). Here, the game providers are provided with Shop Play Station, Gaming Accessories, Shop Xbox One, and others. The company has its prime sources all over the country, and its Corporate Office is located at the USA. The new locators come to this GameStop hub to enjoy gaming to a new level. The ideas on Gaming have gone some way to a higher level, where the virtual image is seen to be real now. People experience gaming at their home, Play stations, mobile devices, and other areas where they find relevant but the most appropriate area to find gaming is in places like GameStop (Chinomona and Sandada, 2013). To analyze the research further, the researcher will demonstrate PESTEL analysis in providing a justification to review its factors that correlate the impact on GameStop. The ideas will sustain through a partial framework to motivate new complexion of research with the help of marketing objectives that how Gaming has influenced the customers with a definite position in this modern world (Chris Adalikwu, 2012). Hence, this will review to make the Gaming Zone a network where people can feel their hands liking driving a car, flying abroad, hunting and others. Background of the GameStop GameStop Corporation is a video game unit on America, has wireless service user faculty and electronics retailer. The headquarters of the company is located at Grapevine, Texas. The company has its retail store located on GameStop, Micromania, EB game brands. The founder of the company is James McCurrey and Gary M.Kusin and was founded in the year 1984. GameStop is mainly divided into two operating areas that are Video Game Brands and Technology Brands (Dr.Vanitha, 2012). The Technology Brands segment included around 218 retail outlets. This made the business concrete, and the pre-owned video games account around 47% of GameStop revenue at the end of 2014. However, during 2005 GameStop acquired revenue of USD1.44, which expanded its territories over Europe, Canada, New Zealand and Australia (Eisenack and Reckien, 2013). GameStop brings a definite level in this modern world where people experience newer ideas under various platforms. People get their fantasy to play with their favorite heroes. The popular games played on PSP, Xbox, and PlayStation is played over the multiplayer users through advanced level. New gaming hubs are created all over the places over the world. This has influenced ideas to make the competition to a higher level because technology has reached somewhere beyond the touch of a human (Ellington, 2012). There are other brands in GameStop hub, which owned a magazine for the company for subscriptions packages at leading GameStop locations. This is however increased the Credit trade values around 10% on all accessories and game coupons. GameStop also came through the critics that discovered customers in removing new packages from the original one. Failure comes to every Company, but a company with larger dreams can be the one and only, and so has the GameStop one of the popular gamin g hub around the World (Geyer, 2011). PESTEL analysis PESTLE analysis is called sometimes as PEST analysis. It is a concept referred on the marketing objectives and policies that determine various impact and policies of the company. To make the research eventful, the researcher has taken this concept in determining how GameStop will add to planning resources (Yksel, 2012). This will also make the environment subjective in operating planning of latest products and services on GameStop. PESTEL analysis stands for its relative positions where: P for Political area E for Economic area S for Social area T for Technological area E for Environment area L for legal area There may be relative questions associated in framing the whole environment to a definite level. Angles have been created in tracking the plan that would contemplate a new idea in this research. This idea will frame through the marketing convention that makes an ethical dilemma in this research (Yksel, 2012). On conducting the framework, the research would view certain questions that how political situation of the country will affect GameStop? What will be the prevalent economic factors? How technological innovations have led to the marketing structure? The answers of these questions will be under the image of business that how GameStop is attracting more customers through the lead process of innovation and technology. In order to access the economic position, GameStop forms the major backbone of strategic management in defining the company through organizational goals and objectives (Miller and Washington, 2013). Thus, it is important to conduct a PESTLE analysis that will be impera tive to gain companys advantage under the comprehensive version of SWOT analysis. Political factors: In the contemporary world, it is seen that Politics plays a very important role in expanding business territories. This would be under a balanced environment on free markets and system control. Here, the global economies succeed from the domestic economies that are under opportunity and threat to expand on new regions (Meadows, 2013). It applies for major firms that identify optimal resources for production and sales. To make GameStop politic, the major factors are through: Tax policies Governments stability Entry mode of the regulations made Social policies like social welfare, religion, caste Trade regulations that include EU AND NAFTA Economic factors: This factor measures the health of economic regions mainly. The economic state has the tendency to change a lot from the firms lifetime. In comparing the current levels of increase in prices, economical growth, international trades and unemployment, GameStop will judge a better prospect in carrying out a strategic plan (Maricic, et al. 2012). The examples related to this economic plan are as follows: Disposable incomes of most buyer Credit accessibilities Unemployment rate Inflation Interest rate Social factors: This factor assessess on the mentalities of the individual or the consumers that are driven into the market on GameStop. Hence, these may be called as demographic factors. The social indicators include on the exchange rate, inflation, and GDP that are critical on management resources (Marfels, 2011). The factors that help in economy might lead to certain changes that primarily focus on: Population demographics that includes aging in population Change in lifestyle and trends Educational level Distribution of wealth Technological factors: This step recognizes the availability of potential resources that are considered good to be eminent in GameStop Corporation. Here, the technological advancements optimize the internal efficiency that helps various products and services, which become obsolete (Luther, 2011). Hence, the role of business is increasing frequently over the years. Thus, the trend will continue to drive innovations of research and development towards newer dimensions. The evolving technology of GameStop has optimized internal efficiency on a greater scale where management finds deliberate position to adapt it through good strategy. This would be under the strategic change related to threats and opportunities. The common examples are: Innovations and discoveries Rate of technology and its advancement Rate of technology and planning policies Newer technological platforms like VHS and DVD Environmental factors: In this segment, both the consumers and governments are penalized for the firms that have an adverse effect on the environment (Keller and Thackeray, 2011). The gaming area would find a polluting environment as the government puts huge fines on this. The reason is that companies are rewarded for a positive impact on their environment. Hence, the consumer would be willing to switch brands if the business would find an ignorable environment. However, the impact on the environment would raise a major concern on GameStop as the environment would benefit the company evenly (Huntemann and Aslinger, 2013). The common examples include: Waste disposal of certain laws Environmental protection law Regulation on energy consumptions Popular attitudes on environments Legal factors: This step would involve learning on certain laws and regulations in a specific region. Since, this is the last factor in this analysis this would overview the startup links associated on the political framework. There are many legal issues which, affect the company but do not act responsibly (Guarino, 2012). This is due to the legal pitfalls that have the confidentiality in meeting these regulations on GameStop. The common factors include: Employment regulations Competitive regulations Product regulations Patent infringements Health and safety regulations made Thus, it is common to conduct PESTEL analysis in taking any decisions that GameStop Corporation would implement in this research (Botzakis, 2011). The research would however conduct a hypothesis that influences major objectives undertaken on GameStop to address major features. This may be one-to-one process, competitive change on consequences, etc. To analyze the macro-environment, the framework of GameStop should have a strategic change on its competitive development (Chris Adalikwu, 2012). Hence, these would plan to strategize various changes for the company in taking major particular decisions. Justifications made on the decisions of GameStop The decisions made on the effective campaign will relate objectives to study major features associated in developing a plan. This plan will help to demonstrate GameStop accessibly to retain the market share and profitability on decision-making process (Guarino, 2012). However, with the help of marketing objectives GameStop Corporation will create new concepts on vision and demand. In justifying the concepts regarding the factors of GameStop, the following objectives are demonstrated as follows: Creation of demand: The marketing objective will help to create a specific demand in attempting a contrast change in consumers preference. The devices and services that are maintained on GameStop Corporation would enhance customer satisfaction in making the demand on increased rate. However, this would be a customer-oriented method (Huntemann and Aslinger, 2013). Market Share: Here, the business section brings an increasing change in the market with the total sales in economy. GameStop Corporation brings a major change that would help to increase the market to a good extent due to its technology and the advertising procedure. It also has an innovative change on its promotional activities (Luther, 2011). Customer satisfaction: In this method, the marketing managers make most of its demand in offering devices and services for selling purpose (Shilei and Yong, 2009). This helps GameStop Corporation to make the modern market in dealing with customers effectively through a customer-oriented strategy. Generation of profits: This is one of the most important objectives in this topic evolved. To generate revenue, the marketing department would hold good image in increasing huge profits on GameStop Corporation (Plunkett, 2011). However, the change will secure huge profits in surviving in market comfortably. Creation of Good will and Public image: The marketing departments will generate huge profits that will sustain good image on GameStop Corporation (Thomas, 2013). This will also help to generate large amount of revenue terms that monitor to increase profits on the quality, maintenance and service with reasonable prices. Conclusion In this topic, the researcher has concluded various positions that make the research evident in increasing profits and revenue on business promotions. This would enhance comprehensive ideas to justify how GameStop Corporation leads to good justification in making decision and objectives of the solution. The ideal factor in this topic would sustain mean position that have a contemporary environment on service quality and increasing high production on relative game hubs. The researcher has made a clear territory through PESTEL analysis to demonstrate how political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors relate stability in marketing position. This would also attract the target audience that comes from different areas in GameStop to enjoy gaming. Hence, this concludes an evident position that justifies gaming stores has modified the global impact of this new generation to a newer level. This has instanced with new resources and technologies that has advanced a greater framework on GameStop- Power to Players. Reference List: Botzakis, S. (2011). Entertainment and gaming. Chicago, Ill.: Raintree. Chinomona, R. and Sandada, M. (2013). Customer Satisfaction, Trust and Loyalty as Predictors of Customer Intention to Re-Purchase South African Retailing Industry. MJSS. Chris Adalikwu, (2012). Customer relationship management and customer satisfaction. Afr. J. Bus. Manage., 6(22). DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction. IJSR, 3(4), pp.1-3. Eisenack, K. and Reckien, D. (2013). Climate Change and Simulation/Gaming. Simulation Gaming, 44(2-3), pp.245-252. Ellington, H. (2012). How Simulation/Gaming Transformed My Life. Simulation Gaming, 43(2), pp.257-269. Geyer, F. (2011). Growth inventory: aligning marketing investments with growth objectives. Strategy Leadership, 39(1). Guarino, H. (2012). Using target audience feedback to inform a technology-delivered intervention: The development of a Web-based tool for chronic pain patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(3), p.e5. Huntemann, N. and Aslinger, B. (2013). Gaming globally. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Keller, H. and Thackeray, R. (2011). Social Marketing and the Creative Process: Staying True to Your Social Marketing Objectives. Health Promotion Practice, 12(5), pp.651-653. Lee, H. (2013). Major Moderators Influencing the Relationships of Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty. Asian Social Science, 9(2). Luther, W. (2011). The marketing plan. New York: AMACOM. Marfels, C. (2011). The Monopoly Issue in the Gaming Industry Revisited: The Case of German Casino Gaming. Gaming Law Review and Economics, 15(4), pp.175-177. Maricic, B., Veljkovic, S. and Djordjevic, A. (2012). Customer satisfaction measurement. Marketing, 43(4), pp.235-244. Meadows, D. (2013). Climate Change and Four Goals for Operational Gaming. Simulation Gaming, 44(2-3), pp.229-231. Miller, R. and Washington, K. (2013). Casinos, gaming wagering 2013. Loganville, Ga.: Richard K. Miller Associates. Plunkett, J. (2011). Plunkett's games, apps and social media industry almanac 2012. Houston, TX: Plunkett Research. Shilei, L. and Yong, W. (2009). Target-oriented obstacle analysis by PESTEL modeling of energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in China's northern heating region. Energy Policy, 37(6), pp.2098-2101. Thomas, S. (2013). Linking customer loyalty to customer satisfaction and store image: a structural model for retail stores. Decision, 40(1-2), pp.15-25. Yaksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24).

Remuneration of Salesman Essay Example

Remuneration of Salesman Essay Remuneration of Your Sales Force and Customer Service Team Members How do you decide what remuneration packages to adopt? How do you ensure that your remuneration packages incentivise and motivate the right people? How do you make sure that the amount of pay helps your staff with their lifestyle requirements? These questions are vital ones to anybody trying to run a sales team or customer service team, when you have a look at how you can actually reward personal effort as well as maintain service. In looking at any remuneration package, it’s worthwhile to consider a set of scales. In any job description, there is an opportunity to analyse the work required into service aspects whereby these things have to be done to maintain the client, or maintain the client relationship, such as receiving orders, implementing orders, handling queries, general items of customer service, and also perhaps even merchandising or helping with displays, as well as ensuring that stock levels are adequate, these can be called service areas or service responsibilities. On the other hand, a sales person or customer service representative could influence the value of the sale through their personal sales skills, personality, and training, to either make the sale happen, add value to the sale, or sell some specific items that are on special or on bonus, at the point of communication, either by phone, by web, or face-to-face. This particular activity is known as personal contribution. A relatively easy formula to follow is by adopting the scales of remuneration, you can then analyse the input from the people involved. If there is high service requirements and service levels in the performance of the job, and little opportunity to add personal influence, then a wages or base salary system will be the most cost efficient to make the results work. We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration of Salesman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration of Salesman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration of Salesman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If there is a high personal input, whereby the sales person can strongly influence the amount of the sale or the profitability of the sale, then you can reward that personal effort by special commissions, share of profits, special incentives, and special rewards, for the sales as they occur after the event, and lessen the base salary or wages that need to be paid by increasing the risk factor, which of course the personal touch will overcome. Strategies with this personal input can include: Commission on sales, which will drive the sales result but can lead to aggressive discounting. Commission on the profit generated, which will lead to profitable sales above a certain target percentage and encourage the sales people to focus on the profitable lines that need to be sold, profitable added value, and focus on profit. However, this means the company need to disclose in some manner the profit margins or the profitability of certain products or services. The final personal incentive can be a mixture of reward for the team getting their budget achievement through the use of both service and personal effort, but also perhaps 50% of that reward comes from the personal effort of individual members of Article Remuneration of Your Sales Force and Customer Service Team Page 1 the team. This then leads to greater enhanced teamwork in selling the profitable products and services that the company has. If your organization is primarily service based on our scale, then wages and salary with an annual review, perhaps a team result on a quarterly basis, will provide a good remuneration program to keep those service levels being maintained and perhaps even being increased. If your organization needs to be sales driven, then you clearly have to separate the strategies that you are going to employ to either drive sales, drive profitable sales, or drive teamwork amongst the individual members of the sales team. It is worthwhile considering that A category clients could be driven on their profitable sale contribution, B category clients could be driven on the extra added value products or services that have been added to the sales mix, and C category clients could be just driven by sales revenue increases. While it is useful to report results to the sales team members on a regular basis, eg. monthly or even weekly against target, it is preferable to pay out incentives on a quarterly basis so that the sum being paid is larger and also it is seen to be a worthwhile contribution of the efforts over the quarter, which may have had a good trading month, a bad trading month, and a catchup trading month, which over the whole quarter has managed to achieve in excess of the budget performance. Traditionally, New Zealand sales representatives and customer service teams are very comfortable with a 10 to 15% at risk commission factor driven to achieve sales results. When we want to achieve profitable results, you might care to lift the percentage to 20 to 25% at risk in remuneration which is based on the profitability. Full time commission only sales remuneration programs will simply drive sales at any price, perhaps with aggressive discounting with no regard or need to have regard to the profit contribution. New Zealand sales commission representatives can sometimes find it hard to get finance for mortgages and funding because the banks are not comfortable with commission only positions. The basis of a commission only position also needs to consider that the person needs to be able to earn enough to pay their mortgage and a basic food bill out of everyday, normal activities from their commission payments, and these may have to be paid on a weekly basis. However, as their sales increase then the commission structure should be set, so that they get truly rewarded for tremendous personal effort. Untidy conditions like including holiday pay within commissions, determining people to be contractors rather than employees, are things that cloud the issue and arouse suspicion with the optimist sales person as to what the owner or manager is trying do. The key concept with wages or salary based is that employees must know a set time of the year when their remuneration will be reviewed, and generally a percentage (3-5%) is applied across the board to all individuals, which maintains their points of difference but also ensure that there is little aggrieved talk amongst staff members. Additional rewards, which can include trips away, are ideal as bonus incentives for achieving in excess of a budget. New Zealanders love overseas travel, whether it is to Waiheke Island or to Nelson or Australia or the Pacific Islands, it is certainly a reward. However, remember that quite often there is a partner involved, and the partner would need to know where they are going and whether they would like to go to this particular destination. Article Remuneration of Your Sales Force and Customer Service Team Page 2 Other incentives, like dinners, theatre nights, sports tickets, movie tickets, and entertainment functions, are all very good as they have a perceived higher value than generally their costs, and people can go and enjoy the actual activity as a reward earned for hard work. Even the humble â€Å"Daily Moro Bar† given to the customer service team for the best win of the day is a great incentive for sharing with people the fun involved enjoying some wins and successes. It is very important to communicate to your sales team the basis and process of your remuneration program in writing at the beginning of their employment, and at the beginning of the trading cycle in which you are going to be measuring people, and then there is no avenue for dispute later on. The laws relating to commission payment are no different to the laws relating to wages and salary, and there can be no retention unless it has been agreed to by the employee for sundry items of cost. Of course, at a senior management level, sales management and above, you could include the original concepts of remuneration based around the sales team achieving a budget, you can include travel, and even share options or dividend options, based on performance. However, don’t fall into the trap of the Fortune 500 CEOs and management who were allowed to falsify records to ensure quarterly or 90-day results look good as a way of continuing to achieve their bonus options. Remuneration should always be based on the concept of rewarding individuals for their individual contribution over and above what was expected. Use the scales balance to determine the responsibilities and duties of the job description before deciding on your remuneration program. Enjoy your planning! This article contributed by Richard P. Gee, marketing strategy consultant, seminar presenter and interactive author. More information about Richard can be found on www. geewiz. co. nz. Article Remuneration of Your Sales Force and Customer Service Team Page 3

Mid term break by Seamus Heaney and The identification by Roger McGough Essay Example

Mid term break by Seamus Heaney and The identification by Roger McGough Essay Example Mid term break by Seamus Heaney and The identification by Roger McGough Paper Mid term break by Seamus Heaney and The identification by Roger McGough Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting two poems, mid term break by Seamus Heaney and the identification by Roger McGough. Seamus Heaneys poem is auto-biographical and he writes about himself experiencing the reality of death via his younger brother. He describes desctrbes his family suffering from greif and struggling to accept the truth. In the identification Roger to describe what seems to be a single Father identifying the body of a boy believed to be his son, Stephan who has been tragically killed by what is described as an explosion. I will be comparing the similarities and differences of these two gloomy poems by using three topics to organize the comparing. The topics are Subject matter, use of language and poetic technique. Firstly I will be comparing the similarities within both poems. The subject matter between both poems are that they portray family grief for example in mid-term break Seamus describes almost all his family members and neighbors showing signs of grief. His father is described a quite a tough man as it portrays him as always taking funerals in his stride. At this point Seamus is unaware of why he has been pulled out of school but we can gather from the previous quote that he has added all the facts together to realize he has come home for a funeral. His mother is also caught grieving when he describes her holding his hand whilst coughing out angry tearless sighs. This quote suggests two things, firstly it uses the adjective angry which suggests that the Mother may be blaming herself for the loss of her son but the reason for this we are not aware of. Secondly it suggests that in her emotional state she has drained herself emotionally and physically of tears to cry. The family grief in the identification is only portrayed by the father as he is the only person we hear of as it is written in first person, however we are aware his talking to whom is believed to be a pathologist because he asks a series of questions which appear to be answered. I believe that his type of grief is the worst as he has no one to grieve with and is suffering quietly and alone which I believe that in time will take could possibly lead to a decline in the mans health. During the poem the father shows a type of grief through his disbelief that the boy is his son. This is shown by all the questions he asks and which he describes and removing all trace of doubt. In both poems struggling to accept the truth is a big factor as both Seamus (mid-term break) and Stephens Father (the identification) both portray struggling to accept the truth over the death of their loved one. Seamus shows this when he enters his brothers room for the first time after arriving home. The scene is described almost heavenly with snowdrops and candles soothing his brothers bedside. A snow drop is a type of flower which blooms in spring and represents the passing of sorrow which explains why this specific flower is used on this occasion. Seamus describes his brother as almost asleep or ill as his face has become paler and this shows us that Seamus wants to believe that his brother is only asleep and will awake at any moment however this is not going to happen. This is him struggling to accept the truth. He also cannot accept the fact that his brother will never live to celebrate another birthday when he write the very last line A four foot box, a foot for every year. This is a very dramatic as he bluntly buts the facts together it also shows us a twist of fate that the box being the same length as the brothers age. In the identification Stephens father is struggling to accept the truth and this is shown when he asks so many questions and by doing this he is hoping to achieve pulling out every splinter of hope. This shows him hoping to find some evidence that this body is not his son and not wanting to believe the facts he has already been portrayed. The last of the similarities in subject matter is confusion. Seamus portrays confusion when he is brought home from school by his neighbors at an unusual time in the school term, he also not aware of the reason why he has been brought home until the last two stanzas of the poem. He also suffers from confusion when he over hears big Jim Evans saying it was a hard blow Im not certain but I am presuming a lot of questions flooded into his head when he over hears this for example What was a hard blow? In the identification Stephens father gets confused in the first stanza about the color of the boys hair which is black but his sons, Stephens, was fair. It becomes apparent after the father queries this fact it becomes apparent that the explosion that killed the boy would of synched the boys hair and caused it to turn black. He also becomes confused when cigarettes are put before him which were found within this boys pockets. This turns the fathers opinion against this boy being Stephen as he believes that he son would never disobey him. But however he continues to examine the exhibits which force him to believe that this body was the body of his son. The use of language between the two poems are also similar as the both have a non-rhyming structure and would both appeal to the same target audience which in this case would be ranging from mid-teens to adults and they would be able to cope with the high number of grief portrayed in these poems. Children under the age of 12-13 would not have the correct maturity level to read a poem like these and may become upset or overly concerned about the people within the poems. There are no similarities in the poetic techniques used in both poems. The poems also differ in the three topics, subject matter, use of language and poetic technique. In mid-term break Seamus Heaneys little brother we believe was killed in a Road Traffic Accident. We believe this because of what Big Jim Evans says in the second stanza it was a hard blow and the bumper knocked him clear. We know that Seamuss brother must have been killed by a motor vehicle as it suggests in the previous quote the bumper knocked him clear as a bumper is a legal necessity to any car, bus and taxi. In the identification we are led to believe that Stephen was killed in some type of explosion as we find out in the first stanza when he is asking the pathologist about the colour of the boys who is lying before him, hair colour as it does not match to his own sons but he is corrected as the explosion wouldve singed his hair black, the explosion. The way the mourners suffer in both poems also differs in both poems. In mid term break Seamus Heaney suffers alongside his family and neighbors until the last stanza when he finally discovers why he has returned home. This scene is dramatic as it is emotional upsetting as is described well so that the reader can picture themselves in his situation. In the identification Roger describes the father suffering alone as he has no other family member to consolidate with or mourn with. He his not completely on his own though as he has the pathologist with him but he however does not show any reassurance and only answers asked questions. The use of language within both poems also range as they both wrote there poems in a different narrative perspective. Mid-term break is written is first person narrative perspective (me, myself and I). This is used throughout the poem in order to create sympathy for Seamus. This narrative perspective is used to its full extent in the second line of the fifth stanza I saw him this short sentence really hits the reader as this is the first time Seamus actually sees his brother during the poem. This sentence also puts the reader in his position and prepares us for a description of what he is about to see. The identification was written is second person narrative so that you, the reader can see eye to eye with the father of Stephen. He does this so we can feel all the emotions Stephens father goes through. In the last line of the poem the readers becomes emotionally upset as we have already gained sympathy for the father therefore do not want him to go through this experience, like we wouldnt want ourselves to go through it so we hope that he does not suffer the loss in the end, but unfortunately he does Thats our Stephen

Whole Foods & Wild Oats Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Whole Foods & Wild Oats - Research Paper Example Thus, it is clear that his comments had the motivation from his self-interest (Debra, 2010). Instrumental and terminal values are vital in the explanation of Mackey’s blog posting behavior, relative to the Wild Oats acquisition. There is a distinction between the two values as elaborated by Rokeach. Instrumental values reflect the means to achieving goals, meaning they represent the most acceptable behaviors to be used in achieving an end state. Terminal values, on the other hand, represent the goals to be achieved or the end states. First, it is remarkably clear that he lacks Honesty Ambition Responsibility where he is not truthful in his hard work to do his duties as CEO, whereby he posts the blogs using his wife’s name to conceal his identity. He has the value of forgiveness, open-mindedness, and courage whereby he has the courage to face the public eye. He does this with a clear perspective that they will forgive him for his mistakes. As see him, he does not deny putting up those posts. He has the value of Helpfulness Cleanliness Competence as his other go al. This is whereby he accepts he has been posting the negative blogs to criticize the Wild Oats Company. He is ready to be helped to free from being guilty of these critics. On the other hand, he has none of these instrumental values: Self-control Affection / Love Cheerfulness, Independence Politeness Intelligence, and Obedience Rationality Imagination. We see John lacking control of his hate of the Wild Oats Company establishing itself as his competitor. He also lacks knowledge of how to show courtesy to other people who may be in competition or poses some danger to his co-existence. He is not submissive to reasoning, according to the perception of most people in the public figure. In his comment that no one would buy products of Oats Company, he does not put himself in the shoes of those benefiting from this new company. In relation to the terminal

Political independence of FED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political independence of FED - Essay Example This has been contributed by the fact that politicians like manipulating and controlling these institutions for their own gains. In his lectures, Bernanke (2012) argued that central bank should be allowed to make independent decisions without political interference in order to have sound decisions. Studies have documented that political interference in the financial sector not only hinder how these institutions operate, but also interfere with how regulators enforce regulations. Financial regulators are, therefore, unable to take actions on banks that do not follow the laid down rules and regulations. When political interference is evident in the financial regulatory bodies, recognition of severity of crisis is delayed, intervention needed is also slowed and consequently raise the cost of the crisis to tax payers. Shielding financial sector from political interference helps to improve the quality of regulation and supervision. This helps in preventing financial crisis. Financial regu lators have two main purposes. First, they are mandated to protect the consumer. Second, they are also mandated to maintaining financial stability of financial institutions. When political interferences come in, these two roles of the regulator are abandoned. For instance, in 1997, political interference in the regulatory bodies of East Asia led to postponement of recognition of severity of crisis, which led to increased crisis.

E-book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-book - Essay Example The researchers employed survey type of data gathering. E-mail questionnaires were sent which facilitated the survey of researches in the academic and research environment, specifically in the Indian Institute of Science and Technology about their use of e-books on their line of work. This helped the researchers gather the pertinent information on the completion of the research. The survey was done on July 2004 and was drafted according to the objectives drawn by the researchers which gave birth to 27 questions. Of the 101 questionnaires that were completed, 85 (84.15 percent) were from students, 16 (15.84 percent) were from staff. Of the surveyed respondents, 37 were able to use the free trial offer between June and July 2004. This data represents 36.63 percent of the 101 respondents and 1.66 staff as a whole. Meanwhile, the results showed that 29.40 percent or 60 of the 101 had used e-books at least once. Simply put, the responses gathered from the data gathering procedure show that the students are more inclined in this kind of technology more than the faculty members and staff.

Creatinine Clearance Test to Estimate Renal Function

Creatinine Clearance Test to Estimate Renal Function Introduction: Kidney is a part of group of organs that constitute the urinary tract system which consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys do the major function of the urinary system. The other parts of the system are mainly passageways and storage areas. The kidneys are reddish, bean-shaped structure and located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of abdomen. A typical kidney in an adult is 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide and 3 cm thick and has a mass of 135-150 g. Under normal circumstances the two kidneys are able to do the following functions: Regulating of blood PH; the kidneys excrete an amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and conserve bicarbonate (HCO3-). Regulating blood pressure; the kidneys produce rennin, which activate the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways. Maintaining blood osmolarity; by regulating loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys maintain constant blood osmolarity. Regulating blood glucose; the kidneys can use the amino acids glutamine in gluconegenesis. So they can release glucose into blood to help maintain a normal blood glucose level. Production of hormones; calctirriol (active form of vitamin D) which helps regulate calcium homeostasis and erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Excreting waste and foreign substances; by forming urine which contains the waste substances that have no useful functions in the body. The above mentioned kidney functions based on the functional unit of the kidney called nephron. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. The nephron is a tube closed at one end and open at the other and in between it consists of Bowmans capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule. About 170-200 liters of water are filtered through the kidneys everyday, but about 1-2 liters are excreted from the body as urine. To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes: Glomerular filtration: water and most blood solutes in the blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule. Tubular reabsorption: as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of filtered water and many solutes. Tubular secretion: as the fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct, the tubule and duct cells secrete other materials, such as wastes, drugs and excess ions into the fluid. Each kidney connects to bladder by ureter, which is tube like structure that provides drainage from the kidney to the bladder during the process of urine formation. Bladder acts by means of contraction to expel urine from the body. In order for the kidney to work properly the renal arteries deliver about 25% of resting cardiac out put. Glomerular filtration (GF) normally occurs at rate of about 120-150 ml/min. There are significant forces which are involved in glomerular filtration, glomerular capillary blood pressure which induced a blood pressure within the glomerular capillary depending on the heart contraction and on the peripheral resistance provided by efferent arterioles. The other significant force is the plasma colloid osmatic pressure which occurs due to impermeability to protein through the glomerulus. The permeability depends on the molecular size and the electrical charges. The positively charged molecules easily filtered than the negatively charged one because the glomerular endothelium layer carry negative charges that repel the protein particles and not allowing them to be filtered. In Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure, there will be high force to push fluid out of Bowmans capsule into glomerulus. Any changes occur in these forces will lead to change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measurement of the amount of glomerular filtrate (a substance similar to blood plasma but without proteins) formed in the kidneys each minute. It can be assessed by measuring the excretory ability and the substance level in plasma that freely filtered through the glomerulus. Some of the substances will not appear in the glomerular filtrate unless they have reached a certain concentration in blood. Glucose is such a substance that does not appear in the urine until it reaches high concentration in the blood (11.0 mmol/L). Whereas other substances like creatinine excreted without appreciable reabsorption. Creatinine is an endogenous substance, an end product of nitrogen metabolism formed through a series of enzymatic reaction in the liver. The contraction of skeletal muscle involves both creatine and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the presence of creatine kinase enzyme. The creatine formed from phosphocreatine gives the final end product creatinin e which is instantly filtered at glomerulus without any tubular reabsorption. Therefore creatinine can be used to estimate the clearance ability of kidney, but it is not a perfect marker as it is secreted. This involves the measurement of substance concentration in urine and plasma using the following clearance formula: (U/P) * (V/T) = mls/min Renal failure Diseases affecting the kidneys can damage glomerular or tubular function. Failure of renal function may occur rapidly producing the syndrome of acute renal failure which is characterized by rapid loss of renal function with retention of urea, creatinine, hydrogen ions and other metabolic products. However chronic renal failure develops often over many years leading to end-stage of renal failure where patients require either long term dialysis or a successful renal transplant to survive. Diabetes and hypertension are the two commonest causes of chronic renal failure with other causes including glomerulonephritis of any type Aim of the test To estimate renal function in two different patients using creatinine clearance test. Materials and method Please refer to medical biochemistry practical book (BMS2). Result: The equation obtained from the graph used for the calculation of creatinine concentration is: Y = 0.0008 X Where: Y = absorbance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X = concentration of creatinine in umol/L. P 1: X = 0.073/0.0008 = 91.25 umol/L P 2: X = 0.346/0.0008 = 432 umol/L U 1: X = 0.621/0.0008 = 776.25 x 21 = 16301.25 umol/L U 2: X = 0.736/0.0008 = 468.75 x 21 = 9843.75 umol/L Key: P1 is plasma of patient 1. P2 is plasma of patient 2. U1 is urine sample of patient 1 U2 is urine sample of patient 2 Therefore the creatinine clearance is calculated by using the following formula: (U/P) * (V/T) mls/min U = urine creatinine umol/L P = plasma creatinine umol/L V = volume of urine passed in given time T = time of collection Creatinine clearance for patient 1: = 16301.25/91.25 * 1000/1440 = 211.438 * 0.694 = 124 mls/min Creatinine clearance for patient 2: = 9843.75/ 432 * 3000/1440 = 22.786 * 2.083 = 47.46 mls/min Conclusion: From the above results I conclude that patient 1 has got normal renal function whereas patient 2 has renal failure. Discussion The creatinine calibration graph shows good linearity which indicates that the patients results obtained are correct. The clearance test more often concern about how much of a specific substance the kidney can remove from a given volume of blood in a stated period. In this experiment the creatinine clearance test was used to estimate GFR in two different patients based on the principle of Jaffe reaction (picric acid with alkaline solution from red to orange complex). A standard curve was produced using the absorbance reading against the standard concentration. A straight linear relationship obtained which means that as the optical density increase the creatinine concentration will increase. The equation obtained from the graph (Y = 0.0008 X) is used to calculate the plasma and urine creatinine concentration of two patients. The plasma creatinine concentration for patient 1 is 91.25 umol/L, which means it is within the normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L).Marshal, (2000). Also the urine creatinine concentration (19293.75umol/L) for the same patient support the plasma concentration in which simply means that creatinine excretion by kidney was regularly. In contrast, patient 2 has got increased plasma creatinine concentration when compared with normal reference range which is 432 umol/L. That means the creatinine being not filtered regularly into urine. There is no history of patient is provided and it is not stated whether the patient is male or female which can aid the diagnosis. However, there is not much difference between male and female normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L). The clinical data are good in detecting the presence of renal disease, by its effect on renal function and is in assessing its progress but they will not assess the determination of the cause of the disease. Therefore several factors should be kept in mind when doing creatinine estimation. These factors are: there will be reduced creatinine concentration in children, women and during pregnancy. Meals which contain meat will raise plasma creatinine, also certain drugs (e.g. salicylates, cimetidine) increase plasma creatinine by inhibiting tubular secretion of creatinine. From the result, it is noticeable that patient 1 has got normal creatinine clearance (124 mls/min) when compared with the reference ranges. This means that this patient got normal GFR and normal renal functioning units. The creatinine clearance for patient 2 is very low (47.4 mls/min) when compared with the normal reference range and with patient 1 who has normal GFR. As mentioned earlier the plasma creatinine was high and the urine creatinine was low for this patient which gives strong suggestion that this patient represent with kidney disorder mostly chronic failure. Although the clinical finding help the diagnosis, but the requirement of further test is needed to identify the cause and to confirm disorder. Renal failure is divided into two types, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. An acute onset is severe enough to cause kidney failure and is characterized by oliguria (less urine). The major cause of acute failure is tubular necrosis. Other common causes are loss of huge amount of blood during accident or surgery, toxic drugs and poising e.g. lead, or infection. Acute renal failure may develop gradually to a chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure occurs when disease or disorder damages the kidneys so that they can no longer remove fluids and wastes from the body or maintain proper levels of kidney-regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. The four most common causes of chronic kidney failure are: Diabetes: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), both insulin dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent (NIDDM), occurs when the body cannot produce and/or use insulin, the hormone which is necessary for the body to process glucose. Long-term diabetes may cause the glomeruli to gradually loss function. In fact, progression may be slow gradual which means the symptoms do not occur until the GFR falls below 15 ml/min. Marshal, (2000). High blood pressure: hypertension is both cause and result of kidney failure. The kidney can become stressed and ultimately sustain permanent damage from blood pushing through them at excessive pressure over long periods of time. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of glomeruli, or filtering units of the kidney. The filter in glomerulus is damaged; often small holes are made mostly due to streptococcal infection. Polycystic kidney disease: it is an inherited disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys. These cysts impair the regular functioning of the kidney. Less common causes of chronic kidney failure are kidney cancer, obstructions such as kidney stones, pyelonephtitis. Initially, symptoms of chronic kidney failure develop slowly. Even individuals with mild to moderate kidney failure may have few symptoms in spite of increased urea in their blood. Among sings and symptoms that may be present at this point are frequent urination during the night and high blood pressure. Most symptoms of chronic kidney failure are not apparent until kidney disease has progressed significantly. Common symptoms are: Anaemia: The kidneys are responsible for production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red cell production. If the kidney disease causes shrinking of the kidney, the red cell production is hampered. Bone and joint problems: The kidneys produce vitamin D, which help in absorption of calcium and keeps bones strong. In patients with kidney failure, bones may become brittle, and in children, normal growth may be stunted. Joint pain may also occur as a result of unchecked phosphate levels in the blood. Foamy or bloody urine: Protein in the urine may cause it to foam significantly. Blood in the urine may indicate bleeding from diseased or obstructed kidneys, bladder, or ureter. Hypertension or high blood pressure: The retention of fluids and sodium causes blood volume to increase, which in turn causes blood pressure to rise. Low back pain: Pain where the kidneys are located, in the small of the back below the ribs. Nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting: Urea in the gastric juices may cause upset stomach and this can lead to malnutrition and weight loss. Questions What protein would not be detected by dip sticks, and how would you detect it? Bence Jones proteins are low molecular weight proteins (light chains of immunoglobulin) and found in urine in patient with Myeloma. They are small enough to move quickly and easily through the kidney into urine. These proteins can be detected by doing protein electrophoresis of concentrated urine What is the clinical finding in the unusual condition orthostatic proteinuria? Orthostatic proteinuria is a benign condition that effect children and young adults. The patients are only exhibiting proteinuria after they have been standing up. Orthostatic proteinuria arises as a result of an increase in the hydrostatic pressure in the renal veins. Protein will not be detectable in an early morning sample when tested using dipstick. The patient is instructed to empty the bladder just before going to bed, and the test for protein is performed on a specimen of urine passed the following morning, immediately after getting up the condition is usually observed in only some of the urine samples passed when up and about (with good prognosis). The prognosis is less good in patients in whom proteinuria is always detected when they are up and about. What are the factors predisposing to renal stone formation? A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen. The factors predisposing to renal stone formation are: Reduction of fluid intake Increased exercise with dehydration Medications that cause hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and excessive intake of calcium supplements Diet can also influence stone formation e.g. oxalate (ice tea and colas) Urinary tract infections Family history of urinary calculi Certain diseases :hyperparathyroidism (causes calcium loss from bone), renal tubular acidosis(causes a deficiency in urinary citrate, a stone inhibitor) Urinary stagnation

Essay --

Anne Frank also known as Annelies Marie Frank was a sixteen year old girl who got murdered during the Holocaust. She was born in the city of Frankfurt in Germany to her parents Otto and Edith Frank. Anne Frank had an older sister who was three years older than she was and her name was Margot Betti Frank. The Franks were known as a very liberal family who were also classified as a middle class family since their ancestors lived in Germany. In 1933 the Franks decided to move towards Amsterdam since Germany was being overruled by the Nazis. While the family had adjusted to Amsterdam, Otto Frank was really focused on his business since he was new into the city. Anne and Margot were also getting adjusted to the school system and when they were well adjusted they started to have friends who were Jewish and non Jewish. Six years later which was in 1939, Anne’s and Margot’s grandmother decided to join them in Amsterdam as well and be reunited with her two beautiful nieces. In M arch, 1940 a horrible trajedy happened Amsterdam which was that Amsterdam had been attacked by the Nazis who overrul...